M1-C1-L39 --> Glycolysis II
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- What does aerobic glycolysis yield per 1 glucose?
-
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 H+
2 Pyruvate - What does anaerobic glycolysis yield per 1 glucose?
-
2 ATP
2 Lactate - What are the three key enzymes that are subject to allosteric regulation in glycolysis?
-
1. Hexokinase
2. PFK -1
3. Pyruvate kinase - What are the allosteric inhibitors of hexokinase in glycolysis?
- Glucose 6 phosphate
- What are the allosteric activators of hexokinase in glycolysis?
- NONE
- What are the allosteric inhibitors of PFK-1 in glycolysis?
- Citrate, ATP, H+
- What ar the allosteric activators of PFK-1 in glycolysis?
-
F2, 6P (Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate)
and
AMP - What are the allosteric inhibitors of pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?
- Alanine and ATP
- What are the allosteric activators of pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?
- Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
- What is the archrival of Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) in gluconeogenesis?
- Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase (FBP-1)
- What does the muscle use first for energy?
- Stored glycogen
- What does the muscle use second for energy?
- Glucose from liver
- Muscle soreness and sensation can be caused by what?
- Lactate buildup from anaerobic glycolysis.
- Lactic acidosis can be caused by what?
- Too much lactic acid secreted from erythrocytes that have no mitochondria.
- What does the Cori cycle do?
- Takes lactic acid from blood and RBC's and makes glucose at a loss of 4 ATP.
- Liver uses what enzyme instead of hexokinase?
- Glucokinase.
- What are the unique qualities of glucokinase?
-
1. Higher Km
2. Higher Vmax
3. Not inhibited by G6P - What is the advantage of glucokinase?
- Range of responsiveness allows the liver to "buffer" blood glucose.
- What inhibits glucokinase and how?
- Fructose 6 Phosphate inhibits glucokinase by sequestering in the hepatic nucleus via Glucokinase regulatory protein.
- What activates glucokinase and how?
- Glucose activates glucokinase by allowing release fo glucokinase from Glucokinase regulatory protein in nucleus. GK will return to cytosol and phosphorylate glucose to G6P.
- Insulin affects what in muscle cells?
- Uptake, utilization, and storage of glucose.
- Insulin affects what in liver cells?
- utilization and storage of glucose.
- GLUTS are active transporters.
- False.
- What is GLUT 1 responsible for?
- RBC
- What is GLUT 2 responsible for?
- Organs such as Liver, Kidney, and Gut
- What is GLUT 3 responsible for?
- Brain
- What is GLUT 4 responsible for?
- Muscle and Adipose
- Which GLUT is insulin a factor?
- GLUT 4
- What happens when insulin is on the surface of muscles?
- Vesicular transport sends GLUT 4 to the membrane.
- Insulin stimulates the synthesis of what in the liver?
- Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate (F2,6P)
- Insulin stimulates the expression of what three genes in liver?
-
1. Glucokinase
2. Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
3. Pyruvate kinase - Insulin has what type of effect on glycolysis?
- INCREASES it via stimulation of F2,6P which activates PFK-1
- HexK and PyrK deficiencies manifest only where? Leading to what?
- RBC's leading to hemolytic anemia.
- How does glycerol enter glycolysis?
- Enters as glyceraldehyde